IntroductionÂ
Industry involves producing goods, extracting minerals, or providing services. Examples include iron and steel production, coal mining, and tourism services.
Classification of industries :
Classification based on raw materials:
Agro-based industries: Use plant and animal-based products (e.g., food processing, textile, dairy).
Mineral-based industries: Utilize mineral ores as raw materials (e.g., iron and steel industry).
Marine-based industries: Rely on sea and ocean products (e.g., seafood processing).
Forest-based industries: Utilize forest produce (e.g., pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals).
Classification based on size:
Small-scale industries: Lesser capital, manual production (e.g., cottage industries, handicrafts).
Large-scale industries: High capital, advanced technology (e.g., automobile, heavy machinery).
Classification based on ownership:
Private sector industries: Owned by individuals or groups.
Public sector industries: Owned and operated by the government.
Joint sector industries: Owned by both state and individuals or groups.
Cooperative sector industries: Owned and operated by producers, workers, or both (e.g., Anand Milk Union Limited, Sudha Dairy).
Industrial System
Industrial System Components:
Inputs: Raw materials, labor, land, transport, power, and infrastructure costs.
Processes: Various activities transforming raw materials into finished products.
Outputs: End products and the associated income.
Example:Â In the textile industry, inputs involve cotton, labor, and production costs. Processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, and printing, resulting in the output of a finished shirt.
Class 8 Geography |Chapter 4 Industries
Industrial Regions
Major Industries Worldwide:
Iron and steel, textile, information technology.
Iron and steel, textile are traditional; IT is emerging.
Global Locations:
Iron and steel: Germany, USA, China, Japan, Russia.
Textile: India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan.
IT: Silicon Valley (Central California), Bangalore (India).
Iron and Steel Industry:
Inputs: Iron ore, coal, limestone, labor, capital, site, infrastructure.
Processes: Blast furnace smelting, refining.
Output: Steel used as raw material in various industries.
Steel Applications:
Tough, easily shaped, cut, or made into wire.
Special alloys for unique properties.
Backbone of modern industry, used in transportation, construction, machinery.
Historical Evolution:
Initially near raw materials and power; later near coal fields and transportation.
Post-1950, large areas near seaports due to increased scale and need for imported iron ore.
Indian Steel Industry:
Development based on raw materials, labor, transport, market.
Key centers: Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro, Bhadravati, Vijay Nagar, Vishakhapatnam, Salem.
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