Chapters
Introduction I Importance of Manufacturing I Classification of Industries
Introduction :
Manufacturing Overview:
Production of goods in large quantities from raw materials to valuable products.
Examples: Paper from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, aluminium from bauxite, and clothes from yarn.
Secondary Activities:
Workers in secondary activities process primary materials into finished goods.
Examples: Steel factories, car manufacturing, breweries, textile industries, bakeries.
Economic Significance:
Development of manufacturing industries is crucial for measuring a country's economic strength.
Importance of Manufacturing :
Backbone of general development and economic progress.
Reasons for significance:
Modernizes agriculture and reduces dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Crucial for eradicating unemployment and poverty through industrial development.
Reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
Expands trade, commerce, and foreign exchange through export of manufactured goods.
Transformation of raw materials into higher value finished goods leads to prosperity.
Synergy Between Agriculture and Industry:
Agro-industries boost agriculture productivity by providing necessary tools and products.
Mutual dependence between agriculture and industry enhances efficiency.
Global Competitiveness:
Importance of efficiency and competitiveness in the era of globalization.
Quality parity with international standards essential for competing globally.
NCERT Class 10 Geography | Chapter 6 | Manufacturing Industries
Classification of Industries :
Understanding manufacturing better through classification.
Based on Source of Raw Materials:
Agro-based: Cotton, woollen, jute, silk textiles, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
Mineral-based: Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
According to Main Role:
Basic or Key Industries: Supply raw materials for manufacturing other goods (e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting).
Consumer Industries: Produce goods for direct use by consumers (e.g., sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans).
Based on Capital Investment:
Definition of small-scale industry based on maximum investment allowed.
Based on Ownership:
Public Sector: Owned and operated by government agencies (e.g., BHEL, SAIL).
Private Sector: Owned and operated by individuals or groups (e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries).
Joint Sector: Jointly run by state and individuals or groups (e.g., Oil India Ltd.).
Cooperative Sector: Owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both (e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra, coir industry in Kerala).
Based on Bulk and Weight:
Heavy Industries: Deal with heavy raw materials and finished goods (e.g., iron and steel).
Light Industries: Utilize light raw materials and produce light goods (e.g., electrical goods industries).
Agro-based Industries:
Industries relying on agricultural raw materials such as cotton, jute, silk, woolen textiles, sugar, and edible oil.
Textile Industry:
Holds a unique position in the Indian economy.
Significant contributions to industrial production, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings.
Only industry in the country with complete self-reliance and value chain from raw material to highest value-added products.
Cotton Textiles:
Historically produced using hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques in ancient India.
Introduction of power-looms in the 18th century.
Traditional industries faced setbacks during the colonial period due to competition with mill-made cloth from England.