Chapters
Introduction |Development of Resources |Resource Planning |Resource Planning In India |Land Resources | Land Utilization |Land Use Pattern In India |Land Degradation and conservation measures |Soil as a resource| Classification of Soil| Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India| Project Tiger
Ncert Class 10 Geography | Chapter 1|Resources and Development
Introduction:
What is the definition of Resource:
Everything in the environment usable for satisfying needs
Technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable
Transformation Process:
Involves interaction between nature, technology, and institutions
Human interaction with nature via technology, institutions aid economic development
Resources as Human-Created:
Not free gifts of nature, but products of human activities
Humans involve transforming environmental materials into resources
Classification of Resources:
Origin:
Biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)
Exhaustibility:
Renewable and non-renewable
Ownership:
Individual, community, national, international
Development Status:
Potential, developed stock, reserves
Development of Resources:
Importance of Resources:
Vital for human survival and quality of life
Previously viewed as free gifts of nature
Major Problems Due to Resource Misuse:
Depletion of resources driven by greed
Concentration of resources leading to societal divisions
Indiscriminate exploitation causing global ecological crises
Need for Equitable Distribution:
Essential for sustained quality of life and global peace
Current trends threaten the future of the planet
Importance of Resource Planning:
Essential for sustainable existence of all life forms
Integral to achieving sustainable development
Resource Planning:
Importance of Planning:
Essential for judicious resource use
Particularly crucial in diverse countries like India
Resource Diversity in India:
Regions vary in resource abundance and deficiency
Examples:
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh: rich in minerals and coal
Arunachal Pradesh: abundant water but lacks infrastructure
Rajasthan: ample solar and wind energy but lacks water
Ladakh: rich cultural heritage but deficient in water, infrastructure, and minerals
Need for Balanced Resource Planning:
Required at national, state, regional, and local levels
Ncert Class 10 Geography | Chapter 1|Resources and Development
Resource Planning In India:
Resource Planning Process:
Involves identification, inventory, surveying, mapping, and estimation of resources across regions.
Establishes a planning structure with appropriate technology, skills, and institutions for implementation.
Aligns resource development plans with national development goals.
India's Efforts in Resource Planning:
India has prioritized resource planning since its First Five Year Plan post-Independence.
Role of Resources in Development:
Availability of resources alone isn't sufficient; technological and institutional advancements are crucial for development.
Disparities exist where resource-rich regions may lag economically due to lack of technological advancements.
Historical Context:
Colonial history shows how advanced technology enabled exploitation of resources in colonies.
India's own history of colonization underscores the importance of technological and institutional developments alongside resource availability.
Conservation of Resources:
Essential for sustainable development to avoid socio-economic and environmental issues.
Leaders like Gandhi emphasized resource conservation to mitigate irrational consumption and over-utilization.
Advocated production by masses over mass production to ensure sustainable resource use.
Land Resources:
Importance of Land:
Vital natural resource supporting various aspects of life and economic activities
Supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, and infrastructure
Finite Nature of Land:
Limited resource, necessitating careful planning for its utilization
Land Features in India:
Mountains, plateaus, plains, and islands
43% plain land: facilitates agriculture and industry
30% mountains: ensures river flow, supports tourism, and ecological aspects
27% plateau region: rich in minerals, fossil fuels, and forests
Land Utilization:
Land Resource Usage:
Forests:
Utilized for timber, wildlife habitat, and ecological balance
Land not available for cultivation:
Barren and waste land: Unproductive areas
Land put to non-agricultural uses: Buildings, roads, factories
Other uncultivated land:
Permanent pastures and grazing land
Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves
Cultruable waste land: Left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years
Fallow lands:
Current fallow: Left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year
Other than current fallow: Left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years
Net sown area:
Land where crops are sown and harvested
Gross cropped area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area
Land Use Pattern In India:
Determinants of Land Use:
Influenced by physical factors like topography, climate, soil, and human factors such as population density, technology, culture, and traditions
Geographical Area of India:
Total: 3.28 million sq km
Land use data available for 93% due to incomplete reporting in some regions
Challenges with Land Use:
Decrease in land under permanent pasture
Other fallow lands often of poor quality or high cultivation cost
Variation in Net Sown Area:
Varies significantly across states, from over 80% in Punjab and Haryana to less than 10% in states like Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, and Andaman Nicobar Islands
Forest Area Deficit:
Forest area lower than desired 33% outlined in National Forest Policy (1952)
Essential for ecological balance and livelihoods of millions
Land Degradation Issues:
Continuous use without conservation measures leading to degradation
Serious repercussions on society and environment
Land Degradation and conservation measures:
Inter-generational Land Sharing:
Obligation to share land with past and future generations
Human Activities and Land Degradation:
Human actions worsen natural land degradation processes
Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying contribute significantly
Specific Examples of Land Degradation Causes:
Deforestation in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha due to mining
Overgrazing in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra
Over-irrigation in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh leading to waterlogging and soil salinity
Industrial activities generating dust and effluents causing pollution
Solutions to Land Degradation:
Afforestation and proper grazing management
Planting shelter belts, controlling overgrazing, stabilizing sand dunes with thorny bushes in arid areas
Managing waste lands, controlling mining, proper industrial waste disposal and treatment to reduce pollution
Soil as a resource :
Importance of Soil:
Most important renewable natural resource
Medium for plant growth, supports various living organisms
Formation of Soil:
Takes millions of years, influenced by relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation, time
Forces like temperature changes, water flow, wind, glaciers, decomposer activities contribute for creation of soil
Chemical and organic changes are also crucial
Composition of Soil:
It is composed of organic (humus) and inorganic materialsÂ
Classification of Indian Soils:
Based on factors like formation process, color, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties
Classification of Soil:
Alluvial Soils:
Widely spread, predominant in northern plains deposited by Himalayan rivers
It varies in particle size and classified as old (Bangar) and new (Khadar)with  high fertility
Black Soil:
Black cotton soil, ideal for cotton, formed from Deccan trap region lava flows
Rich in nutrients like calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime
Red and Yellow Soils:
Develop on crystalline igneous rocks, iron diffusion gives reddish color
Found in Deccan plateau, eastern and southern regions, parts of Ganga plain
Laterite Soil:
Develops under tropical climate, intense leaching, found in southern states, Western Ghats, some parts of West Bengal and North-east
Deep, acidic, deficient in nutrients, prone to erosion
Arid Soils:
Sandy, saline, found in arid regions, low in humus and moisture
Can become cultivable with proper irrigation, seen in western Rajasthan
Forest Soils:
Found in hilly and mountainous areas with rain forests
Varies in texture, loamy in valleys, coarse in upper slopes, fertile in lower valleys
Soil Erosion and Conservation:
Soil erosion caused by human activities and natural forces
Methods like contour ploughing, terrace farming, strip cropping, shelter belts help in conservation
Important for stabilizing desert areas and preventing land degradation
Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India:
Need for Conservation:
Essential due to rapid decline in wildlife population and forestry
Preserves ecological diversity and life support systems (water, air, soil)
Maintains genetic diversity for species growth and breeding
Conservation Efforts in India:
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act implemented in 1972
Provisions for protecting habitats and banning hunting
Establishment of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries
Focus on Endangered Species:
Various projects launched to protect endangered animals
Examples include tiger, one-horned rhinoceros, Kashmir stag, crocodiles, Asiatic lion, Indian elephant, black buck, great Indian bustard, snow leopard
Legal protection granted against hunting and trade throughout India
Shift towards Biodiversity Conservation:
Conservation projects now emphasize overall biodiversity preservation
Intensive search for diverse conservation measures
Inclusion of Insects and Plants:
Insects gaining importance in conservation planning
Notification under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986 added hundreds of butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly to protected species list
In 1991, plants were added to the list for the first time, starting with six species
Government Management of Forests:
Forests and wildlife resources mainly owned or managed by government
Classified into reserved forests, protected forests, and unclassed forests
Reserved and protected forests crucial for conservation and timber production
Regional Distribution of Forests:
Madhya Pradesh has largest area under permanent forests, followed by other states
Different states have varying proportions of reserved, protected, and unclassed forests
Community Involvement in Conservation:
Traditional communities coexist with forests and play vital role in conservation
Villages in Sariska Tiger Reserve and Alwar district of Rajasthan actively involved in habitat protection
Chipko movement and Beej Bachao Andolan showcase success of community-led conservation efforts
Joint Forest Management (JFM) Programme:
Started in 1988 in Odisha, involves local communities in managing degraded forests
Communities undertake protection activities and receive benefits like non-timber forest products and timber share
Need for Community Involvement:
Emphasizes involvement of local communities in natural resource management
Calls for environmentally friendly and economically rewarding activities prioritizing people's welfare
Project Tiger:
Project Tiger Overview:
Launched in 1973 as a response to dwindling tiger population
Tiger population decreased from 55,000 to 1,827 by the 1970s
Threats to Tiger Population:
Poaching for trade, habitat loss, depletion of prey base, human population growth
Trade of tiger skins and bones for traditional medicines exacerbates extinction risk
Objectives of Project Tiger:
Conservation effort to save endangered species
Preservation of biotypes of significant magnitude
Key Tiger Reserves in India:
Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand)
Sunderbans National Park (West Bengal)
Bandhavgarh National Park (Madhya Pradesh)
Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary (Rajasthan)
Manas Tiger Reserve (Assam)
Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala)
India and Nepal's Role:
Provide habitat for about two-thirds of surviving tiger population
Prime targets for poaching and illegal trading due to tiger population concentration